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Việt Nam sẽ có nhà máy điện hạt nhân vào năm 2020

Lũy kế điện sản xuất và mua 9 tháng đầu năm 2008 thực hiện là 55,6 tỷ kWh, tăng 12,5% so với cùng kỳ năm trước. Trong đó, điện sản xuất Tập đoàn điện lực EVN là 39,8 tỷ kWh; điện mua ngoài là 15,8 tỷ kWh, tỷ trọng điện mua ngoài đã tăng 22,19% so với cùng kỳ năm 2007.
Trong khi đó, việc huy động công suất khả dụng hệ thống điện Quốc gia trong giai đoạn hiện nay đang gặp khó khăn do nhiên liệu đầu vào của nhà máy điện than, dầu, khí sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên ngày càng cạn kiệt, giá cả nhiên liệu nhập khẩu tăng cao dẫn đến giá thành sản xuất điện tăng trong khi giá điện bán không đổi. Đối với các nhà máy thuỷ điện chiếm tỷ trọng lớn, có giá thành sản xuất điện thấp nhưng phụ thuộc quá nhiều vào thiên nhiên, các nhà máy điện khác như: hạt nhân, sinh khối, gió, mặt trời, địa nhiệt, sóng biển… chưa có.Và theo dự báo, từ nay đến năm 2020, Việt Nam còn ở trong tình trạng thiếu điện. Bởi vì, chúng ta luôn phải chạy theo tốc độ phát triển cao về nhu cầu sử dụng điện dẫn đến nguồn lực không đáp ứng kịp nhu cầu phát triển và không có nguồn điện dự phòng.
Theo ông Dương Quang Thành, Phó Tổng Giám đốc Tập đoàn điện lực Việt Nam, ngành điện ở Việt Nam đang phải đối mặt với nhửng thách thứ to lớn. Với nhu cầu tiêu thụ điện năng tăng 17%/năm và dự kiến sẽ tiếp tục tăng nhanh để đáp ứng nhu cầu tăng trưởng của nền kinh tế, ngành công nghiêp điện sẽ phải phát triển nhanh chóng trong thập kỷ tới. Bởi vậy, trong các giải pháp phát triển các loại hình nguồn điện để đáp ứng nhu cầu năng lượng cho công cuộc công nghiệp hoá và hiện đại hoá đất nước, giải pháp tổng hoà giữa tận dụng tối đa các nguồn tài nguyên năng lượng trong nước, kết hợp giữa nhập khẩu điện, nhập khẩu than, khí đốt với tỷ trọng thích hợp với việc xây dựng nhà máy điện hạt nhận sẽ là giải pháp tối ưu.
Vấn đề kế hoạch xây dựng nhà máy điện hạt nhân
Theo kế hoạch đến năm 2015, bắt đầu xây dựng nhà máy điện hạt nhân và đi vào hoạt động là năm 2020 với công suất 2.000 MW. Trước tình hình thiếu điện hiện nay, Chính phủ đã đề nghị xây dựng gấp đôi công suất tức là 4 tổ máy và 2 nhà máy điện hạt nhân ở hai địa điểm khác nhau. Trong tổng sơ đồ điện 6, sau năm 2020 điện hạt nhân sẽ chiếm 20% tổng sản lượng điện của VN. Sử dụng nhà máy điện hạt nhân có một lợi thế đặc biệt là tuy đầu tư xây dựng nhà máy đòi hỏi lượng nguồn vốn lớn với thời gian xây dựng kéo dài nhưng chi phí vận hành lại rẻ hơn so với vận hành các nhà máy phát điện sử dụng than, dầu hoặc khí. Một khi xây dựng xong và đưa vào vận hành, nguyên liệu chủ yếu để nhà máy điện hạt nhân hoạt động là các bó thanh nhiên liệu (thông thường là uranium) kể từ lúc nạp liệu sẽ trải qua quãng thời gian vài năm trong lò phản ứng, với giá thành tương đối ổn định.
Ông Tuấn cho biết, mặc dù giá nhiên liệu uranium đã tăng nhanh trong năm 2007 nhưng ít có ảnh hưởng tới giá thành sản xuất của các nhà máy điện hạt nhân đang hoạt động. Hơn nữa, nguồn nhiên liệu uranium theo các số liệu đã khảo sát đủ để đảm bảo cung ứng cho ngành công nghiệp hạt nhân trong thời gian dài. Đặc biệt trong điều kiện giá nhiên liệu ngày càng tăng nhanh thì điện hạt nhân lại càng trở nên cạnh tranh cao hơn và sẽ là sự lựa chọn kinh tế.
Tuy nhiên để phát triển điện hạt nhân, theo các chuyên gia, trước hết Việt Nam cần phải lựa chọn được công nghệ phù hợp. PGS.TS. Vương Hữu Tấn, Viện trưởng, Viện Năng lượng nguyên tử Việt Nam cho rằng: “Do dự án điện hạt nhân yêu cầu đầu tư lớn, trong khi năng lực tài chính của Việt nam hạn chế, cho nên chúng ta cũng phải thông qua hợp tác quốc tế mà tìm nguồn thu xếp tài chính cho các dự án điện hạt nhân”.
Thứ hai là vấn đề an toàn, vận hành và bảo dưỡng nhà máy điện hạt nhân an toàn trong một thời gian dài từ 40 – 60 năm mới là nỗi quan tâm lo lắng nhất của các nhà hoạch định chính sách và các nhà đầu tư. Một sai lầm nhỏ cũng có thể dẫn đến những hậu quả và thiệt hại to lớn.
Thứ nữa là chất thải phóng xạ, đây hiện là một vấn đề chưa có được hướng giải quyết triệt để. Các nghiên cứu về xử lý và quản lý chất thải hoạt độ cao đang được nhiều nước trên thế giới quan tâm đầu tư nghiên cứu, hy vọng với tiến bộ của khoa học kỹ thuật và công nghệ thì sớm có giải pháp tối ưu trong tương lai gần đây.

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